• Budd, G. E. The morphology and phylogenetic significance of Kerygmachela kierkegaardi Budd (Buen Formation, Lower Cambrian, N Greenland). Trans. R. S. Edinb. Earth Sci. 89, 249–290 (1998).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Smith, M. R. & Ortega-Hernández, J. Hallucigenia’s onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda. Nature 514, 363–366 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ma, X.-Y., Cong, P.-Y., Hou, X.-G., Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J. An exceptionally preserved arthropod cardiovascular system from the early Cambrian. Nat. Commun. 5, 3560 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Smith, M. R. & Caron, J.-B. Hallucigenia’s head and the pharyngeal armature of early ecdysozoans. Nature 523, 75–78 (2015).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ortega-Hernández, J., Fu, D., Zhang, X. & Shu, D. Gut glands illuminate trunk segmentation in Cambrian fuxianhuiids. Curr. Biol. 28, R146–R147 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ortega-Hernández, J., Lerosey-Aubril, R. & Pates, S. Proclivity of nervous system preservation in Cambrian Burgess Shale-type deposits. Proc. R. Soc. B 286, 20192370 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hughes, N. C., Haug, J. T. & Waloszek, D. in Evolving Pathways: Key Themes in Evolutionary Developmental Biology (eds Minelli, A. & Fusco, G.) 281–298 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2008).

  • Maas, A. & Waloszek, D. Cambrian derivatives of the early arthropod stem lineage, pentastomids, tardigrades and lobopodians — an ‘Orsten’ perspective. Zool. Anz. 240, 451–459 (2001).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, X.-G., Smith, M. R., Yang, J. & Hou, J.-B. Onychophoran-like musculature in a phosphatized Cambrian lobopodian. Biol. Lett. 12, 20160492 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ortega-Hernández, J. Making sense of ‘lower’ and ‘upper’ stem-group Euarthropoda, with comments on the strict use of the name Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848. Biol. Rev. 91, 255–273 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Shen, C. et al. The search for Orsten-type fossils in southern China. Palaeoworld 22, 1–9 (2013).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Eriksson, M. E., Terfelt, F., Elofsson, R. & Marone, F. Internal soft-tissue anatomy of Cambrian ‘Orsten’ arthropods as revealed by synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy. PLoS ONE 7, e42582 (2012).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, X.-G. & Pratt, B. R. Microborings in Early Cambrian phosphatic and phosphatized fossils. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 267, 185–195 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Peel, J. S. A phosphatised fossil Lagerstätte from the middle Cambrian (Wuliuan Stage) of North Greenland (Laurentia). Bull. Geol. Soc. Den. 72, 101–122 (2023).


    Google Scholar
     

  • Strausfeld, N. J., Hou, X.-G., Sayre, M. E. & Hirth, F. The lower Cambrian lobopodian Cardiodictyon resolves the origin of euarthropod brains. Science 378, 905–909 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vannier, J., Liu, J.-N., Lerosey-Aubril, R., Vinther, J. & Daley, A. C. Sophisticated digestive systems in early arthropods. Nat. Commun. 5, 3641 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Persson, D. K., Halberg, K. A., Jørgensen, A., Møbjerg, N. & Kristensen, R. M. Brain anatomy of the marine tardigrade Actinarctus doryphorus (Arthrotardigrada). J. Morphol. 275, 173–190 (2014).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Walker, M. H. & Tait, N. N. Studies of embryonic development and the reproductive cycle in ovoviviparous Australian Onychophora (Peripatopsidae). J. Zool. 264, 333–354 (2004).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jahn, H., Hammel, J. U., Göpel, T., Wirkner, C. S. & Mayer, G. A multiscale approach reveals elaborate circulatory system and intermittent heartbeat in velvet worms (Onychophora). Commun. Biol. 6, 468 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lerosey-Aubril, R. & Ortega-Hernández, J. A new lobopodian from the middle Cambrian of Utah: did swimming body flaps convergently evolve in stem-group arthropods? Pap. Palaeontol. 8, e1450 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Budd, G. E. & Daley, A. C. The lobes and lobopods of Opabinia regalis from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. Lethaia 45, 83–95 (2012).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Briggs, D. E. G. & Robison, R. A. Exceptionally preserved nontrilobite arthropods and Anomalocaris from the Middle Cambrian of Utah. Univ. Kansas Paleontol. Contrib. 111, http://hdl.handle.net/1808/3656 (1984).

  • Göpel, T. & Wirkner, C. S. The circulatory system of Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931—lacunar function and a reconsideration of the ‘open vs. closed system’ debate. J. Morphol. 281, 500–512 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Wirkner, C. S. & Richter, S. in Functional Morphology and Diversity Vol. 1 (eds Watling, L. & Thiel, M.) 376–412 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2013).

  • Wirkner, C. S., Tögel, M. & Pass, G. in Arthropod Biology and Evolution (eds Minelli, A., Boxshall, G. & Fusco, G.) 343–391 (Springer, 2013).

  • Cong, P.-Y., Ma, X.-Y., Hou, X.-G., Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J. Brain structure resolves the segmental affinity of anomalocaridid appendages. Nature 513, 538–542 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liu, J.-N., Steiner, M., Dunlop, J. A. & Shu, D. Microbial decay analysis challenges interpretation of putative organ systems in Cambrian fuxianhuiids. Proc. R. Soc. B 285, 20180051 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vannier, J. & Martin, E. L. O. Worm-lobopodian assemblages from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang biota: Insight into the ‘pre-arthropodan ecology’? Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 468, 373–387 (2017).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Siveter, D. J., Briggs, D. E. G., Siveter, D. J., Sutton, M. D. & Legg, D. A three-dimensionally preserved lobopodian from the Herefordshire (Silurian) Lagerstätte, UK. R. Soc. Op. Sci. 5, 172101 (2018).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Aria, C., Caron, J.-B. & Gaines, R. A large new leanchoiliid from the Burgess Shale and the influence of inapplicable states on stem arthropod phylogeny. Palaeontology 58, 629–660 (2015).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Moysiuk, J. & Caron, J.-B. A three-eyed radiodont with fossilized neuroanatomy informs the origin of the arthropod head and segmentation. Curr. Biol. 32, 3302–3316.e2 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Berks, H. O. et al. A possibly deep branching artiopodan arthropod from the lower Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte (North Greenland). Pap. Palaeontol. 9, e1495 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, X.-L. & Briggs, D. E. G. The nature and significance of the appendages of Opabinia from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. Lethaia 40, 161–173 (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Urbach, R. & Technau, G. M. Segment polarity and DV patterning gene expression reveals segmental organization of the Drosophila brain. Development 130, 3607–3620 (2003).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Eriksson, B. J., Samadi, L. & Schmid, A. The expression pattern of the genes Engrailed, Pax6, Otd and Six3 with special respect to head and eye development in Euperipatoides kanangrensis Reid 1996 (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae). Dev. Genes Evol. 223, 237–246 (2013).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Smith, F. W., Cumming, M. & Goldstein, B. Analyses of nervous system patterning genes in the tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris illuminate the evolution of panarthropod brains. EvoDevo 9, 19 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Smith, F. W., Bartels, P. J. & Goldstein, B. A hypothesis for the composition of the tardigrade brain and its implications for panarthropod brain evolution. Integr. Comp. Biol. 57, 546–559 (2017).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Park, T. Y. S. et al. Brain and eyes of Kerygmachela reveal protocerebral ancestry of the panarthropod head. Nat. Commun. 9, 1019 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • O’Flynn, R. J. et al. The early Cambrian Kylinxia zhangi and evolution of the arthropod head. Curr. Biol. 33, 4006–4013.e2 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dhungana, A. The origin and early evolution of Panarthropoda. PhD Thesis, Univ. Durham (2024).

  • Ortega-Hernández, J. Homology of head sclerites in Burgess Shale euarthropods. Curr. Biol. 25, 1625–1631 (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Budd, G. E. Head structure in upper stem-group euarthropods. Palaeontology 51, 561–573 (2008).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Daley, A. C. & Edgecombe, G. D. Morphology of Anomalocaris canadensis from the Burgess Shale. J. Paleontol. 88, 68–91 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Budd, G. E. The origin and evolution of the euarthropod labrum. Arthropod Struct. Dev. 62, 101048 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Martin, C. et al. The velvet worm brain unveils homologies and evolutionary novelties across panarthropods. BMC Biol. 20, 26 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ortega-Hernández, J. & Budd, G. E. The nature of non-appendicular anterior paired projections in Palaeozoic total-group Euarthropoda. Arthropod Struct. Dev. 45, 185–199 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. & Henne, S. in Structure and Evolution of Invertebrate Nervous Systems (eds Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., Harzsch, S. & Purschke, G.) 368–382 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2015).

  • Henne, S., Friedrich, F., Hammel, J. U., Sombke, A. & Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. Reconstructing the anterior part of the nervous system of Gordius aquaticus (Nematomorpha, Cycloneuralia) by a multimethodological approach. J. Morphol. 278, 106–118 (2017).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gross, V. et al. X-ray imaging of a water bear offers a new look at tardigrade internal anatomy. Zool. Lett. 5, 14 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Schulze, C. & Persson, D. in Structure and Evolution of Invertebrate Nervous Systems (eds Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., Harzsch, S. & Purschke, G.) 383–389 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2015).

  • O’Leary, M. A. & Kaufman, S. MorphoBank: phylophenomics in the ‘cloud’. Cladistics 27, 529–537 (2011).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Daley, A. C., Budd, G. E., Caron, J.-B., Edgecombe, G. D. & Collins, D. H. The Burgess Shale anomalocaridid Hurdia and its significance for early euarthropod evolution. Science 323, 1597–1600 (2009).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tanaka, G., Hou, X.-G., Ma, X.-Y., Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J. Chelicerate neural ground pattern in a Cambrian great appendage arthropod. Nature 502, 364–367 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vinther, J., Stein, M., Longrich, N. R. & Harper, D. A. T. A suspension-feeding anomalocarid from the Early Cambrian. Nature 507, 496–9 (2014).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Van Roy, P., Daley, A. C. & Briggs, D. E. G. Anomalocaridid trunk limb homology revealed by a giant filter-feeder with paired flaps. Nature 522, 77–80 (2015).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yang, J. et al. A superarmored lobopodian from the Cambrian of China and early disparity in the evolution of Onychophora. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 8678–8683 (2015).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yang, J. et al. Fuxianhuiid ventral nerve cord and early nervous system evolution in Panarthropoda. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 2988–2993 (2016).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Aria, C. & Caron, J.-B. A middle Cambrian arthropod with chelicerae and proto-book gills. Nature 573, 586–589 (2019).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Moysiuk, J. & Caron, J.-B. A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources. Proc. R. Soc. B 286, 20191079 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zeng, H., Zhao, F., Niu, K., Zhu, M. & Huang, D. An early Cambrian euarthropod with radiodont-like raptorial appendages. Nature 588, 101–105 (2020).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Moysiuk, J. & Caron, J.-B. Exceptional multifunctionality in the feeding apparatus of a mid-Cambrian radiodont. Paleobiology 47, 704–724 (2021).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Pates, S., Wolfe, J. M., Lerosey-Aubril, R., Daley, A. C. & Ortega-Hernández, J. New opabiniid diversifies the weirdest wonders of the euarthropod stem group. Proc. R. Soc. B 289, 20212093 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Brazeau, M. D. Problematic character coding methods in morphology and their effects. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 104, 489–498 (2011).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Brazeau, M. D., Guillerme, T. & Smith, M. R. An algorithm for morphological phylogenetic analysis with inapplicable data. Syst. Biol. 68, 619–631 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Simões, T. R., Caldwell, M. W., Palci, A. & Nydam, R. L. Giant taxon-character matrices: Quality of character constructions remains critical regardless of size. Cladistics 33, 198–219 (2017).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Goloboff, P. A. Estimating character weights during tree search. Cladistics 9, 83–91 (1993).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org/ (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2023).

  • Smith, M. R. TreeSearch: Morphological phylogenetic analysis in R. R J. 14, 305–315 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nixon, K. C. The parsimony ratchet, a new method for rapid parsimony analysis. Cladistics 15, 407–414 (1999).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Brazeau, M. D., Smith, M. R. & Guillerme, T. MorphyLib: A library for phylogenetic analysis of categorical trait data with inapplicability. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.815372 (2017).

  • Smith, M. R. Information theoretic generalized Robinson–Foulds metrics for comparing phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 36, 5007–5013 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Smith, M. R. Robust analysis of phylogenetic tree space. Syst. Biol. 71, 1255–1270 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lewis, P. O. A likelihood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphological character data. Syst. Biol. 50, 913–925 (2001).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Rannala, B., Zhu, T. & Yang, Z. Tail paradox, partial identifiability, and influential priors in Bayesian branch length inference. Mol. Biol. Evol. 29, 325–335 (2012).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Zhang, C., Rannala, B. & Yang, Z. Robustness of compound Dirichlet priors for Bayesian inference of branch lengths. Syst. Biol. 61, 779–84 (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ronquist, F. et al. MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst. Biol. 61, 539–542 (2012).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gelman, A. & Rubin, D. B. Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences. Stat. Sci. 7, 457–472 (1992).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Smith, M. R. Using information theory to detect rogue taxa and improve consensus trees. Syst. Biol. 71, 1088–1094 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Liu, Y., Hou, X.-G. & Bergström, J. Chengjiang arthropod Leanchoilia illecebrosa (Hou, 1987) reconsidered. GFF 129, 263–272 (2007).

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lan, T. et al. Leanchoiliidae reveals the ancestral organization of the stem euarthropod brain. Curr. Biol. 31, 4397–4404.e2 (2021).

    Article 
    MathSciNet 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yang, J., Ortega-Hernández, J., Butterfield, N. J. & Zhang, X.-G. Specialized appendages in fuxianhuiids and the head organization of early euarthropods. Nature 494, 468–471 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ma, X.-Y., Hou, X.-G., Edgecombe, G. D. & Strausfeld, N. J. Complex brain and optic lobes in an early Cambrian arthropod. Nature 490, 258–261 (2012).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ma, X., Edgecombe, G. D., Hou, X., Goral, T. & Strausfeld, N. J. Preservational pathways of corresponding brains of a Cambrian euarthropod. Curr. Biol. 25, 2969–2975 (2015).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Smith, M. R. et al. Analysis of Youti yuanshi, YKLP 12387. Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6490717.v2 (2024).

  • Smith, M. R. & Dhungana, A. Workflows for phylogenetic analysis of morphological data. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7838056 (2023).



  • Source link

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *