Weibel, E. R. It takes more than cells to make a good lung. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 187, 342–346 (2013).
Buckberg, G., Hoffman, J. I. E., Mahajan, A., Saleh, S. & Coghlan, C. Cardiac mechanics revisited: the relationship of cardiac architecture to ventricular function. Circulation 118, 2571–2587 (2008).
Grigoryan, B. et al. Multivascular networks and functional intravascular topologies within biocompatible hydrogels. Science 364, 458–464 (2019).
Lee, A. et al. 3D bioprinting of collagen to rebuild components of the human heart. Science 365, 482–487 (2019).
Skylar-Scott, M. A. et al. Biomanufacturing of organ-specific tissues with high cellular density and embedded vascular channels. Sci. Adv. 5, eaaw2459 (2019).
McKinnon, D. D., Brown, T. E., Kyburz, K. A., Kiyotake, E. & Anseth, K. S. Design and characterization of a synthetically accessible, photodegradable hydrogel for user-directed formation of neural networks. Biomacromolecules 15, 2808–2816 (2014).
Brandenberg, N. & Lutolf, M. P. In situ patterning of microfluidic networks in 3D cell-laden hydrogels. Adv. Mater. 28, 7450–7456 (2016).
Arakawa, C. K., Badeau, B. A., Zheng, Y. & DeForest, C. A. Multicellular vascularized engineered tissues through user‐programmable biomaterial photodegradation. Adv. Mater. 29, 1703156 (2017).
Daly, A. C., Prendergast, M. E., Hughes, A. J. & Burdick, J. A. Bioprinting for the biologist. Cell 184, 18–32 (2021).
Pradhan, S., Keller, K. A., Sperduto, J. L. & Slater, J. H. Fundamentals of laser‐based hydrogel degradation and applications in cell and tissue engineering. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 6, 1700681 (2017).
O’Connor, C., Brady, E., Zheng, Y., Moore, E. & Stevens, K. R. Engineering the multiscale complexity of vascular networks. Nat. Rev. Mater. 7, 702–716 (2022).
Traore, M. A. & George, S. C. Tissue engineering the vascular tree. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 23, 505–514 (2017).
Truby, R. L. & Lewis, J. A. Printing soft matter in three dimensions. Nature 540, 371–378 (2016).
Zheng, X. et al. Ultralight, ultrastiff mechanical metamaterials. Science 344, 1373–1377 (2014).
Keating, S. J., Leland, J. C., Cai, L. & Oxman, N. Toward site-specific and self-sufficient robotic fabrication on architectural scales. Sci. Robot. 2, eaam8986 (2017).
Xing, J.-F., Zheng, M.-L. & Duan, X.-M. Two-photon polymerization microfabrication of hydrogels: an advanced 3D printing technology for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 5031–5039 (2015).
Bellan, L. M. et al. Fabrication of an artificial 3-dimensional vascular network using sacrificial sugar structures. Soft Matter 5, 1354–1357 (2009).
Kolesky, D. B., Homan, K. A., Skylar-Scott, M. A. & Lewis, J. A. Three-dimensional bioprinting of thick vascularized tissues. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 113, 3179–3184 (2016).
Jiménez-Torres, J. A., Peery, S. L., Sung, K. E. & Beebe, D. J. LumeNEXT: a practical method to pattern luminal structures in ECM Gels. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 5, 198–204 (2015).
Miller, J. S. et al. Rapid casting of patterned vascular networks for perfusable engineered three-dimensional tissues. Nat. Mater. 11, 768–774 (2012).
Zheng, Y. et al. In vitro microvessels for the study of angiogenesis and thrombosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 9342–9347 (2012).
Lin, Y. et al. Vacuum filling of complex microchannels with liquid metal. Lab Chip 17, 3043–3050 (2017).
Deng, F., Nguyen, Q.-K. & Zhang, P. Multifunctional liquid metal lattice materials through hybrid design and manufacturing. Addit. Manuf. 33, 101117 (2020).
Hwang, D., Barron, E. J. III, Haque, A. T. & Bartlett, M. D. Shape morphing mechanical metamaterials through reversible plasticity. Sci. Robot. 7, eabg2171 (2022).
Tang, S.-Y., Tabor, C., Kalantar-Zadeh, K. & Dickey, M. D. Gallium liquid metal: the devil’s elixir. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 51, 381–408 (2021).
Khan, M. R., Eaker, C. B., Bowden, E. F. & Dickey, M. D. Giant and switchable surface activity of liquid metal via surface oxidation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 14047–14051 (2014).
Ma, J. et al. Shaping a soft future: patterning liquid metals. Adv. Mater. 35, 19 (2023).
Pourbaix, M. Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions. (NACE International, 1974).
Hardy, S. C. The surface tension of liquid gallium. J. Cryst. Growth 71, 602–606 (1985).
Walker, G. M. & Beebe, D. J. A passive pumping method for microfluidic devices. Lab Chip 2, 131–134 (2002).
Style, R. W., Jagota, A., Hui, C.-Y. & Dufresne, E. R. Elastocapillarity: surface tension and the mechanics of soft solids. Annu. Rev. Condens. Matter Phys. 8, 99–118 (2017).
Bico, J., Reyssat, É. & Roman, B. Elastocapillarity: when surface tension deforms elastic solids. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 50, 629–659 (2018).
Polacheck, W. J., Kutys, M. L., Tefft, J. B. & Chen, C. S. Microfabricated blood vessels for modeling the vascular transport barrier. Nat. Protoc. 14, 1425–1454 (2019).
Murray, C. D. The physiological principle of minimum work. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 12, 207–214 (1926).
Sherman, T. F. On connecting large vessels to small. The meaning of Murray’s law. J. Gen. Physiol. 78, 431–453 (1981).
Wang, C., Baker, B. M., Chen, C. S. & Schwartz, M. A. Endothelial cell sensing of flow direction. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 33, 2130–2136 (2013).
Runions, A. et al. Modeling and visualization of leaf venation patterns. ACM Trans. Graph. 24, 702–711 (2005).
Runions, A., Lane, B. & Prusinkiewicz, P. in Proc. 3rd Eurographics Workshop on Natural Phenomena (NPH’07) (eds Ebert, D. & Mérillou, S.) 63–70 (Eurographics Association, 2007).
Oliver, G., Kipnis, J., Randolph, G. J. & Harvey, N. L. The lymphatic vasculature in the 21st century: novel functional roles in homeostasis and disease. Cell 182, 270–296 (2020).
Doyle, A. D. Generation of 3D collagen gels with controlled diverse architectures. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 72, 10–20 (2016).
Song, H.-H. et al. Transient support from fibroblasts is sufficient to drive functional vascularization in engineered tissues. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 2003777 (2020).
Lian, X. et al. Directed cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling under fully defined conditions. Nat. Protoc. 8, 162–175 (2013).
Zhang, K. et al. Plakophilin-2 truncating variants impair cardiac contractility by disrupting sarcomere stability and organization. Sci. Adv. 7, eabh3995 (2021).
Bilodeau, R. A., Zemlyanov, D. Y. & Kramer, R. K. Liquid metal switches for environmentally responsive electronics. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 4, 1600913 (2017).
Kleiman, M., Ryu, K. A. & Esser‐Kahn, A. P. Determination of factors influencing the wet etching of polydimethylsiloxane using tetra‐n‐butylammonium fluoride. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 217, 284–291 (2015).