Wells Sealed With Calcium Carbonate Discovered on Cephalonia

Recent excavations on the Greek island of Cephalonia have uncovered a remarkable pair of ancient wells, shedding light on some of the earliest material extraction practices in the Aegean region.

Dating back to around 1200-1100 BC, these wells are not only a testament to early mining activities but also offer intriguing insights into the ritualistic behaviors of the time. The site, located on the hill of Kotroni near Lakithra, has astonished archaeologists with its complex design and the mysterious ceremonial practices associated with it.

Uncovering the Wells of Kotroni

A Greek Ministry of Culture release explains how the excavation at Kotroni, directed by the Ephorate of Antiquities of Cephalonia and Ithaca, began after aerial photographs revealed a circular structure protruding through dense vegetation. Initially, archaeologists expected to find a new burial monument akin to the Mycenaean Tzanata Tombs. However, the discoveries turned out to be far more unique and complex.

Two large wells, approximately 16 feet (5 meters) deep, were found at the site. These wells are surrounded by meticulously arranged stone rings that not only support the outer slopes but also add a monumental quality to the structures. This design, combined with the mound-like appearance of the wells, suggests they were not merely practical tools for material extraction but also held significant ceremonial importance.

Picture of both excavated wells. (© Greek Ministry of Education)

Evidence of Ancient Mining and Rituals

Inside the wells, archaeologists uncovered well-preserved tool marks indicative of limestone extraction. Grooves, up to 20 cm (8 inches) deep, were likely used to hold wooden beams that supported a platform or a system for removing materials from the wells. Access to these deep structures was facilitated by wooden staircases, as evidenced by marks found carved into the rock, describes the news release.

These findings highlight the technological capabilities of the Late Bronze Age inhabitants of Cephalonia.

In front of the larger well, a carefully stratified floor was discovered, consisting of layers of clay mixed with fragmented ceramics and flint debris.

The pottery, characterized as “domestic” ceramics of the Late Bronze Age, showed signs of deliberate breakage. This intentional fragmentation is particularly striking, as it contrasts with the typical accumulation of intact ceramics found in funerary monuments. The presence of flint debris also points to a broader range of activities at the site, possibly related to both daily life and ritualistic practices.

Now to the odd bit.

Adding to the mystery, the entrances to both wells were sealed with a thick layer of pure white calcium carbonate. This sealing material, still used in the region today, may have served to preserve the wells or mark them as significant locations. The discovery of a flat-based vessel broken into two halves, with each half found in separate locations, further emphasizes the possible ritual intent of these actions.

The site of Well 1 before excavation. (© Greek Ministry of Education)

The Broader Significance of Kotroni

The site at Kotroni is strategically located, offering panoramic views over the Leivatho and Kranea regions, as well as the airport and Zakynthos. This elevated position likely played a role in the site’s significance during ancient times, adding to its ceremonial or ritualistic importance.

The discovery of these wells, dating back at least 3,100 years, provides some of the earliest evidence of material extraction in the Aegean region. The use of local resources, such as flint and calcium carbonate, was fundamental to both daily life and ceremonial practices on Cephalonia. Interestingly, these resources are still being extracted in the same region today, highlighting the long-standing relationship between the island’s inhabitants and their natural environment.

A Unique Window into Late Bronze Age Cephalonia

The excavation at Kotroni has revealed much about the technological and ritual practices of the Late Bronze Age, offering a rare glimpse into a period where material extraction and ceremonial activities were deeply intertwined. The intentional breakage of pottery, the sealing of the wells with calcium carbonate, and the strategic placement of the site all suggest a complex cultural life that was both practical and symbolic.

The site at Kotroni stands as a testament to the ingenuity and spiritual life of its ancient inhabitants, offering a fascinating link between the past and present.

Top image: The excavation of Well I at Lakithra, Cephalonia, Greece, after deforestation. The second Well is faintly visible.   Source: © Greek Ministry of Education

By Gary Manners