A Deep Dive on U.S. Reading and Math Scores, and What to do About Them

“It’s not just that students are failing to catch up, but that students are continuing to fall behind,” says one of the report’s authors, Harvard’s Tom Kane.

That reading trend line raises important questions about how quickly states can expect to see improvement after many passed laws to improve literacy instruction.

The data suggests it may be too soon to expect improvement, or that passing a law is easier than actually improving literacy instruction. Or both.

2. 100+ school districts performed above pre-pandemic levels in math and reading

While no state has returned its math and reading scores to pre-pandemic levels, the Scorecard is able to highlight at least 100 individual districts that have returned to form.

In fact, just a quick glance into the data for Louisiana, a state that led, or nearly led, in math and reading recovery both, shows some districts, including Lafayette Parish and Terrebonne Parish, that are three-quarters of a grade level — or more — ahead of their 2019 reading levels.

3. Achievement gaps widened

According to the Scorecard, the nation’s highest-income districts were “nearly 4 times more likely to recover” in math and reading than the lowest-income districts.

Since the pandemic started, the disparity in math scores, specifically, has grown by 11%.

A score disparity between students in predominantly nonminority versus minority districts has also increased 15%.

Sean Reardon, director of the Educational Opportunity Project at Stanford and a co-author of the study, calls these results evidence of “a pernicious inequality.”

4. Federal relief money prevented larger losses, but how it was spent matters

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Congress poured $190 billion into the nation’s schools.

“In the spring of 2021, when the American Rescue Plan passed, the focus was on getting schools open again,” says Harvard’s Kane. “And so districts were only required to spend 20% on academic recovery.“

Many districts prioritized adding mental health supports for students or upgrading aging facilities, including HVAC. The Scorecard doesn’t argue that those were poor choices, only that it’s not realistic to expect that kind of spending to improve learning the way, say, a tutoring program can.

According to the report, “student achievement grew more in districts that spent more on academic interventions, such as tutoring or summer school.”

5. Chronic absenteeism: It’s hard for students to catch up if they’re not in school

“If the pandemic was the earthquake,” Tom Kane says, “we’re still dealing with the tsunami of chronic absenteeism that is slowing students’ learning.”

Chronic absenteeism, defined as missing more than 10% of the school year, was already a problem, but soared after the pandemic’s disruption of public schooling.

The Scorecard includes absenteeism data for 20 states through spring of 2024. In those states, while chronic absenteeism continued to fall, more students are still missing more school than they were in 2019.

Research has demonstrated a clear connection between missing school and lower student achievement. Not only that, but one student’s absence can affect the achievement of their peers, too, with teachers being forced to spend more time backtracking and repeating instruction.

6. The Scorecard prescription

The Scorecard offers a few prescriptions for educators, administrators and lawmakers:

• Without more federal help, states and schools should focus as much of their own funding as they can on academic recovery.
• Communities should turn their attention to talking up the importance of daily school attendance. This kind of messaging shouldn’t just be left to schools.
• Research suggests that parents don’t always know when their student is struggling, so the Scorecard encourages teachers to communicate directly with families.

“Parents need to know if their child is below grade level so they can sign up for summer learning, or ask for a tutor,” Kane says. “If they don’t know, they’re not going to ask for help.“

Finally, more research is needed to study the range of reforms out there, including those new laws around improving literacy instruction, as well as efforts to ban cellphones from schools.